DOI: 10.22184/1993-7296.FRos.2025.19.8.620.632
The development of polarization optics has required the establishment of special methods to describe the polarization-­inhomogeneous light beams and 3D electromagnetic field instead of the classical approach that is only suitable for the plane waves. This article provides a brief overview of available methods, focusing on geometric interpretation based on an original approach developed by the author.