rus
Issue #5/2024
M. E. Stepanov, U. A. Khokhryakova, T. V. Egorova, K. A. Magaryan, A. V. Naumov
Shedding Light on DNA Origami: Applications in Photonics
Shedding Light on DNA Origami: Applications in Photonics
DOI: 10.22184/1993-7296.FRos.2024.18.5.398.405
Photonics and DNA nanotechnologies complement each other well in a way that DNA nanostructures can be used to build intricate nano-optical systems. The DNA origami method has been particularly successful in creating the building blocks for photonics. Precise positioning of elements at the nanoscale is crucial for manipulating light fields, and this can be achieved by attaching specific nano-objects to a folded DNA molecule in a controlled manner. This review will highlight successful examples of how DNA origami and photonics can collaborate effectively.
Photonics and DNA nanotechnologies complement each other well in a way that DNA nanostructures can be used to build intricate nano-optical systems. The DNA origami method has been particularly successful in creating the building blocks for photonics. Precise positioning of elements at the nanoscale is crucial for manipulating light fields, and this can be achieved by attaching specific nano-objects to a folded DNA molecule in a controlled manner. This review will highlight successful examples of how DNA origami and photonics can collaborate effectively.
Теги: гиперусиленное комбинационное рассеяние света днк-нанотехнологии днк-оригами локализованный поверхностный плазмонный резонанс (lspr) люминесценция микрорезонатор микроскопия сверхвысокого разрешения наноскопия наноструктуры плазмоника поверхностно-усиленное крс (sers) эффект парселла
Shedding Light
on DNA Origami: Applications in Photonics
M. E. Stepanov 1, U. A. Khokhryakova 1, T. V. Egorova 1, K. A. Magaryan 1, A. V. Naumov 1, 2
Moscow Pedagogical State University (MPGU), Moscow, Russia
Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Troitsk branch, Moscow, Troitsk, Russia
Photonics and DNA nanotechnologies complement each other well in a way that DNA nanostructures can be used to build intricate nano-optical systems. The DNA origami method has been particularly successful in creating the building blocks for photonics. Precise positioning of elements at the nanoscale is crucial for manipulating light fields, and this can be achieved by attaching specific nano-objects to a folded DNA molecule in a controlled manner. This review will highlight successful examples of how DNA origami and photonics can collaborate effectively.
Keywords: DNA nanotechnology, DNA origami, nanostructures, plasmonics, super-resolution microscopy, nanoscopy, luminescence, Purcell effect, microcavity, hyper-enhanced Raman scattering, surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR)
Статья получена: 12.12.2023
Статья принята:19.01.2024
Introduction
Working with nanoobjects has greatly impacted scientific and technological research over the past half of the century. Nanoparticles have become successful because their unique properties reveal themself at nanoscale (even at room temperatures) due to the influence of quantum laws and increasing contribution of surface effects. In addition, the nanoscale is significant as it aligns with the sizes of many natural objects, such as cells (~10 µm) or their components (protein globule, DNA ~10 nm) and wavelengths of the visible light (~0.5 µm), making nanoparticles valuable in fields like biomedicine and optics. However, the individual behavior of nanoobjects is only the beginning, with a fascinating world waiting to be explored when they interact with each other. Just as high temperatures can conceal the superconductivity of metals, non-optimal geometries can hide and average out the potential advantages of the interactions between nanoparticles. Through this review, based on our previous work [1, 2], we will explore how the advanced DNA-origami technique allows precise placement of nanoparticles along DNA strands, leading to exceptional optical properties for application in photonics.
2. Photonics Applications
Numerous studies show that electromagnetic fields can interact with metals in a special way by exciting collective oscillations of free electrons known as plasmons [3]. In cases where the space for electron movement is limited by the size of the nanoparticles, the phenomenon takes on a distinctively resonant character depending on the shape and size of the particles, and is called localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR).
This effect can be enhanced by considering that plasmons, being induced charge oscillations of nanoparticles, create their own fields near their surface – evanescent waves. These waves attenuate exponentially on the scale of tens of nanometers (depend on wavelength), but if a second particle is placed in the evanescent field of the first, interaction between them can lead to a significant concentration of field energy in the gap between the particles – the emergence of so-called hot spots. Here the resonant nature of the phenomenon is preserved, but its parameters begin to depend on the geometry of the next level, namely the mutual arrangement of nanoparticles. Plasmonic nanoparticle systems are sometimes referred to as nanoantennae [4].
Significant modification of its optical response (showing a strong dependence on the position) can be achieved if an emitter (organic dye, quantum dot, color center, etc.) is placed at a hot spot location due to increase of local density of optical states (Purcell effect). Thus, the ability to controllably and precisely place nanoobjects often has paramount importance for applications in photonics. In the case of random placement, the behavior of ensembles is averaged over all possible arrangements, masking interesting effects. The DNA origami method allows reproducible achievement of precise and addressable placement of virtually any nano objects, providing the opportunity to observe a range of beautiful optical effects. Below, we will consider several specific examples illustrating possibilities of this method.
An important challenge in photonics is finding efficient ways to transmit light energy on a sub-diffraction scale. In study [5], the use of DNA origami for creating a plasmonic nanowaveguide that transmits energy with low losses over nanometer distances was demonstrated (fig. 1a). Two 40‑nanometer spherical gold nanoparticles (Au-Au) were placed in a straight line at a distance of 38 nm, too large for their coupling through evanescent field interactions, causing the particles to scatter external light independently. When a 30‑nanometer silver nanoparticle (in Au-Ag-Au trimers) was added to the gap between the gold particles, energy exchange with low losses occurred, detected by changes in the scattering spectrum. A mechanism of energy transfer was proposed through non-resonant induction of a superposition of plasmon modes in the intermediate particle, thus serving as an effective plasmonic interaction transmitter.
Equally important in photonics is the fabrication of surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) signal amplifiers, as it allows for sensitive nanosensors for various applications [13]. In study [6], this task is addressed using the DNA origami method (Fig. 1b): bow tie – shaped particles with prism edges of 80 nm and height 15 nm are precisely placed on a DNA origami substrate after modifying their surface with complementary anchor oligonucleotides. Additionally, the authors placed a single Cy‑5 dye molecule in a 5 nm gap between the prisms. The assembled configuration showed a stable 2 × 109‑fold signal amplification of the light scattering with single dye molecules.
Fluorescence enhancement (SEF) using plasmonic methods is another promising task for nanosensing. In study [7], fluorescence-enhancing dipole nanoantennae were assembled using DNA origami (Fig. 1c), consisting of two 100‑nanometer gold spherical nanoparticles separated by a 12–17 nm gap. It was shown that this configuration could increase the fluorescence signal of the ATTO647N dye molecule fixed in the gap by ~5 000 times compared to the same dye without the plasmonic nanoantenna and more than 160 000 times compared to the fluorescence signal obtained from measurements in solution. It was demonstrated that the signal from a single emitter could be distinguished even in a 25 μM dye solution if the rest of the fluorescence was quenched using NiCl2, as the antenna-enhanced luminescence is not sensitive to the molecules’ own quantum yield.
DNA origami provides a vast field of opportunities for testing ideas of theoretical optics on the nanoscale. In the elegant work [8] by Chikkaraddy and colleagues, DNA origami was used to precisely position a Cy‑5 dye molecule in a narrow (5 nm) gap between a spherical gold nanoparticle (80 nm diameter) and its reflection on a gold mirror (nanoparticle-on-mirror geometry, Fig. 1d). By moving the molecule further away from the symmetry axis in successive experiments, the authors “measured” the local density of optical states and found a monotonic dependence with a maximum on the symmetry axis. This approach has advantages over probe methods, as it introduces only minor perturbations to the measured effect. The authors also demonstrated that in this geometry, fluorescence quenching does not occur when the emitter is placed closer than 5 nm to the center of the hot spot – on the contrary, a significant (over 1000‑fold) enhancement of fluorescence is observed due to the coupling of emission to specific plasmonic modes of such a system.
The precision in positioning using DNA origami can be utilized for calibration and validation of super-resolution optical microscopy methods (nanoscopy). For example, in the work [14], a DNA scaffold sized 100 × 70 nm was selectively labeled with two ATTO655 dye molecules at a predetermined distance of 89.5 nm, deliberately smaller than the diffraction limit. The positions of the molecules were further determined using fluorescence nanoscopy methods, showing that the position of individual molecules could be established with an accuracy of ±5.9 nm. But is such precision always achievable in practice?
This question was investigated in the study [9], where the use of DNA origami revealed that the task of determining the position of an object by optical methods is complicated if they are in close proximity to plasmonic nanoparticles, due to the emergence of the single emitter mirages effect. In this study, the image offset effect was quantitatively measured as follows: Atto532 dye molecules were selectively placed in a line with an estimated accuracy of ±3 nm. When gold nanoparticles were added, a deviation of the measured position of the dye molecules from the straight line was demonstrated. At the same time, the position of the nanoparticle that was next to the gold nanoparticle was shifted (Fig. 1e). In addition, as shown in the same study, the apparent position of the glowing object depends on the size of the nanoparticle and its position relative to the emitter and can shift by tens of nanometers from its true position. When conducting super-resolution microscopy of such systems, where plasmonic effects play a noticeable role (e. g., when obtaining images near nanoantennae), the possibility of such phenomena must be considered.
Another challenge in photonics is design of anisotropic optical systems active in the visible range, as chiral molecules are optically active mainly in the UV and IR. In work [10], the possibility of creating optically active plasmonic systems in the visible range was investigated using the DNA-origami method (Fig. 1f). For this purpose, several 10‑nanometer gold nanoparticles were placed close together (2 nm apart) along right-handed or left-handed DNA-origami spirals with a spiral pitch of 57 nm. Circular dichroism was then measured in a bulk sample containing such spiral complexes. It was shown that light with right circular polarization is significantly more absorbed by right-handed plasmonic nanostructures, and vice versa, due to the plasmonic nanoparticles arranged along the spiral being interconnected by the interaction of their near fields. This results in their optical response acquiring specificity, the parameters of which can be regulated by changing the geometry of the particles, allowing such environments to be used as levo- or dextro-rotatory.
Furthermore, rational engineering of DNA-origami opens up the possibility of controlled changes in the geometric configuration of the assembly over time in response to external stimuli (dynamic DNA-origami [15]). In the context of plasmonics, this dynamic effect can be used to change the optical properties of plasmonic nanoparticles attached to DNA-origami. In practice, circular dichroism measurement, sensitive to small deviations from symmetry in the arrangement of even small nanoparticles, is commonly used [16]. For example, in work [11] (Fig. 1g), a configuration of two crossed nanowires (length 35 nm, diameter 10 nm) is implemented, one of which can take fixed steps (every 7 nm) along the axis of the other in response to the addition of specific control oligonucleotides to the solution. In work [12], the geometry of nanoobjects changed in response to light exposure (Fig. 7h), leading to reversible cis-trans isomerization of photoactive azobenzene molecules linking two parts of DNA origami, thereby changing the angle between the gold nanowires attached to the origami.
Conclusion
DNA origami structures have revolutionized photonics with their versatile applications. By leveraging the unique properties of DNA for precise control, this cutting-edge method enables the creation of nanostructures with predetermined shapes and sizes [17-28]. Meeting the growing demand for innovative solutions in plasmonics and photonics, this technology paves the way for developing nanoscale devices capable of manipulating light fields on a minuscule level. From advanced receivers and light signal enhancers to nanoantennae and optically active media, the possibilities are vast [20-28]. Despite its intricate design process, this technology holds the promise of being easy-scalable as it relies on adaptable “wet” chemical synthesis methods [2].
Acknowledgments
The research was carried out within the state assignment of The Ministry of Education of The Russian Federation “Physics of nanostructured materials and highly sensitive sensorics: synthesis, fundamental research and applications in photonics, life sciences, quantum and nanotechnology” (theme No. – 124031100005–5).
AUTHORS
Stepanov Maksim Evgenievich – Senior lecturer, Moscow Pedagogical State University (MPGU), Shpol’skii theor. physics chair, researcher at the assistant at the Youth Laboratory of Biophotonics and Nanoengineering MPGU, Moscow, Russia.
RSCI ID: 334465, Scopus ID: 57195265809, ResearcherID: AAB‑6181-2022,
ORCID: 0000-0002-0332-1235.
Khokhryakova Uliana Aleksandrovna – Bachelor in fundamental physics of Moscow Pedagogical State University, research assistant at the Youth Laboratory of Biophotonics and Nanoengineering MPGU, Moscow, Russia, e-mail: ua_khokhryakova@mpgu.su.
Egorova Tatiana Vladimirovna – Cand. of Sc. (Biology), head of the Youth Laboratory of Biophotonics and Nanoengineering MPGU, Moscow, Russia.
Scopus ID: 56868341400, ResearcherID: P‑9982-2017,
ORCID: 0000-0002-7554-5246.
Magaryan Konstantin Arutyunovich – Cand. of Sc. (Phys. & Math.), associate professor Shpol’skii theor. physics chair, MPGU, senior researcher at the Laboratory of Physics of Advanced Materials and Nanostructures MPGU, Moscow, Russia.
RSCI ID: 723988, ResearcherID: A‑4208-2014, ORCID: 0000-0003-4754-4657.
Naumov Andrey Vitalievich – corresponding member of the RAS, Dr. of Sc. (Phys.&Math.), head of the Troitsk branch of the Lebedev Physical Institute, head of the Shpol’skii theor. physics chair, MPGU, Moscow, Russia.
RSCI ID: 35867, Scopus ID: 7201349036, ResearcherID: E‑8905-2010,
ORCID: 0000-0001-7938-9802.
CONFLICT OF INTERESTS
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interests. All authors took part in preparation of the article and supplemented the manuscript in terms of their scope of work.
CONTRIBUTION
OF THE COMPOSITE AUTHORS
The article has been prepared based on the work of all composite authors.
АВТОРЫ
Степанов Максим Евгеньевич – м. н. с., Московский педагогический государственный университет (МПГУ), кафедра теоретической физики им. Э. В. Шпольского, м. н. с. лаборатория физики перспективных материалов и наноструктур, Москва, Россия.
РИНЦ ID: 334465, Scopus ID: 57195265809, ResearcherID: AAB‑6181-2022,
ORCID: 0000-0002-0332-1235.
Хохрякова Ульяна Александровна – бакалавр по направлению «Фундаментальная физика» МПГУ, лаборант-исследователь молодежной лаборатории биофотоники и наноинженерии,
e-mail: ua_khokhryakova@mpgu.su
Егорова Татьяна Владимировна – к. б. н., заведующая молодежной лабораторией биофотоники и наноинженерии МПГУ, Москва, Россия.
Scopus ID: 56868341400, ResearcherID: P‑9982-2017,
ORCID: 0000-0002-7554-5246.
Магарян Константин Арутюнович – к. ф.‑ м. н., МПГУ, кафедра теоретической физики им. Э. В. Шпольского, с. н. с. лаборатории физики перспективных материалов и наноструктур.
РИНЦ ID: 723988, ResearcherID: A‑4208-2014,
ORCID: 0000-0003-4754-4657.
Наумов Андрей Витальевич – член-корр. РАН, д.ф-м.н., Руководитель Троицкого филиала ФИАН им. П. Н. Лебедева, заведующий кафедрой Московского педагогического государственного университета (МПГУ), член-корр. РАН, доцент, Москва, Россия.
РИНЦ ID: 35867, Scopus ID: 7201349036, ResearcherID: E‑8905-2010,
ORCID: 0000-0001-7938-9802.
КОНФЛИКТ ИНТЕРЕСОВ
Авторы заявляют, что у них нет конфликта интересов. Все авторы приняли участие в написании статьи и дополнили рукопись в части своей работы.
ВКЛАД ЧЛЕНОВ
АВТОРСКОГО КОЛЛЕКТИВА
Статья подготовлена на основе работы всех членов авторского коллектива.
on DNA Origami: Applications in Photonics
M. E. Stepanov 1, U. A. Khokhryakova 1, T. V. Egorova 1, K. A. Magaryan 1, A. V. Naumov 1, 2
Moscow Pedagogical State University (MPGU), Moscow, Russia
Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Troitsk branch, Moscow, Troitsk, Russia
Photonics and DNA nanotechnologies complement each other well in a way that DNA nanostructures can be used to build intricate nano-optical systems. The DNA origami method has been particularly successful in creating the building blocks for photonics. Precise positioning of elements at the nanoscale is crucial for manipulating light fields, and this can be achieved by attaching specific nano-objects to a folded DNA molecule in a controlled manner. This review will highlight successful examples of how DNA origami and photonics can collaborate effectively.
Keywords: DNA nanotechnology, DNA origami, nanostructures, plasmonics, super-resolution microscopy, nanoscopy, luminescence, Purcell effect, microcavity, hyper-enhanced Raman scattering, surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR)
Статья получена: 12.12.2023
Статья принята:19.01.2024
Introduction
Working with nanoobjects has greatly impacted scientific and technological research over the past half of the century. Nanoparticles have become successful because their unique properties reveal themself at nanoscale (even at room temperatures) due to the influence of quantum laws and increasing contribution of surface effects. In addition, the nanoscale is significant as it aligns with the sizes of many natural objects, such as cells (~10 µm) or their components (protein globule, DNA ~10 nm) and wavelengths of the visible light (~0.5 µm), making nanoparticles valuable in fields like biomedicine and optics. However, the individual behavior of nanoobjects is only the beginning, with a fascinating world waiting to be explored when they interact with each other. Just as high temperatures can conceal the superconductivity of metals, non-optimal geometries can hide and average out the potential advantages of the interactions between nanoparticles. Through this review, based on our previous work [1, 2], we will explore how the advanced DNA-origami technique allows precise placement of nanoparticles along DNA strands, leading to exceptional optical properties for application in photonics.
2. Photonics Applications
Numerous studies show that electromagnetic fields can interact with metals in a special way by exciting collective oscillations of free electrons known as plasmons [3]. In cases where the space for electron movement is limited by the size of the nanoparticles, the phenomenon takes on a distinctively resonant character depending on the shape and size of the particles, and is called localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR).
This effect can be enhanced by considering that plasmons, being induced charge oscillations of nanoparticles, create their own fields near their surface – evanescent waves. These waves attenuate exponentially on the scale of tens of nanometers (depend on wavelength), but if a second particle is placed in the evanescent field of the first, interaction between them can lead to a significant concentration of field energy in the gap between the particles – the emergence of so-called hot spots. Here the resonant nature of the phenomenon is preserved, but its parameters begin to depend on the geometry of the next level, namely the mutual arrangement of nanoparticles. Plasmonic nanoparticle systems are sometimes referred to as nanoantennae [4].
Significant modification of its optical response (showing a strong dependence on the position) can be achieved if an emitter (organic dye, quantum dot, color center, etc.) is placed at a hot spot location due to increase of local density of optical states (Purcell effect). Thus, the ability to controllably and precisely place nanoobjects often has paramount importance for applications in photonics. In the case of random placement, the behavior of ensembles is averaged over all possible arrangements, masking interesting effects. The DNA origami method allows reproducible achievement of precise and addressable placement of virtually any nano objects, providing the opportunity to observe a range of beautiful optical effects. Below, we will consider several specific examples illustrating possibilities of this method.
An important challenge in photonics is finding efficient ways to transmit light energy on a sub-diffraction scale. In study [5], the use of DNA origami for creating a plasmonic nanowaveguide that transmits energy with low losses over nanometer distances was demonstrated (fig. 1a). Two 40‑nanometer spherical gold nanoparticles (Au-Au) were placed in a straight line at a distance of 38 nm, too large for their coupling through evanescent field interactions, causing the particles to scatter external light independently. When a 30‑nanometer silver nanoparticle (in Au-Ag-Au trimers) was added to the gap between the gold particles, energy exchange with low losses occurred, detected by changes in the scattering spectrum. A mechanism of energy transfer was proposed through non-resonant induction of a superposition of plasmon modes in the intermediate particle, thus serving as an effective plasmonic interaction transmitter.
Equally important in photonics is the fabrication of surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) signal amplifiers, as it allows for sensitive nanosensors for various applications [13]. In study [6], this task is addressed using the DNA origami method (Fig. 1b): bow tie – shaped particles with prism edges of 80 nm and height 15 nm are precisely placed on a DNA origami substrate after modifying their surface with complementary anchor oligonucleotides. Additionally, the authors placed a single Cy‑5 dye molecule in a 5 nm gap between the prisms. The assembled configuration showed a stable 2 × 109‑fold signal amplification of the light scattering with single dye molecules.
Fluorescence enhancement (SEF) using plasmonic methods is another promising task for nanosensing. In study [7], fluorescence-enhancing dipole nanoantennae were assembled using DNA origami (Fig. 1c), consisting of two 100‑nanometer gold spherical nanoparticles separated by a 12–17 nm gap. It was shown that this configuration could increase the fluorescence signal of the ATTO647N dye molecule fixed in the gap by ~5 000 times compared to the same dye without the plasmonic nanoantenna and more than 160 000 times compared to the fluorescence signal obtained from measurements in solution. It was demonstrated that the signal from a single emitter could be distinguished even in a 25 μM dye solution if the rest of the fluorescence was quenched using NiCl2, as the antenna-enhanced luminescence is not sensitive to the molecules’ own quantum yield.
DNA origami provides a vast field of opportunities for testing ideas of theoretical optics on the nanoscale. In the elegant work [8] by Chikkaraddy and colleagues, DNA origami was used to precisely position a Cy‑5 dye molecule in a narrow (5 nm) gap between a spherical gold nanoparticle (80 nm diameter) and its reflection on a gold mirror (nanoparticle-on-mirror geometry, Fig. 1d). By moving the molecule further away from the symmetry axis in successive experiments, the authors “measured” the local density of optical states and found a monotonic dependence with a maximum on the symmetry axis. This approach has advantages over probe methods, as it introduces only minor perturbations to the measured effect. The authors also demonstrated that in this geometry, fluorescence quenching does not occur when the emitter is placed closer than 5 nm to the center of the hot spot – on the contrary, a significant (over 1000‑fold) enhancement of fluorescence is observed due to the coupling of emission to specific plasmonic modes of such a system.
The precision in positioning using DNA origami can be utilized for calibration and validation of super-resolution optical microscopy methods (nanoscopy). For example, in the work [14], a DNA scaffold sized 100 × 70 nm was selectively labeled with two ATTO655 dye molecules at a predetermined distance of 89.5 nm, deliberately smaller than the diffraction limit. The positions of the molecules were further determined using fluorescence nanoscopy methods, showing that the position of individual molecules could be established with an accuracy of ±5.9 nm. But is such precision always achievable in practice?
This question was investigated in the study [9], where the use of DNA origami revealed that the task of determining the position of an object by optical methods is complicated if they are in close proximity to plasmonic nanoparticles, due to the emergence of the single emitter mirages effect. In this study, the image offset effect was quantitatively measured as follows: Atto532 dye molecules were selectively placed in a line with an estimated accuracy of ±3 nm. When gold nanoparticles were added, a deviation of the measured position of the dye molecules from the straight line was demonstrated. At the same time, the position of the nanoparticle that was next to the gold nanoparticle was shifted (Fig. 1e). In addition, as shown in the same study, the apparent position of the glowing object depends on the size of the nanoparticle and its position relative to the emitter and can shift by tens of nanometers from its true position. When conducting super-resolution microscopy of such systems, where plasmonic effects play a noticeable role (e. g., when obtaining images near nanoantennae), the possibility of such phenomena must be considered.
Another challenge in photonics is design of anisotropic optical systems active in the visible range, as chiral molecules are optically active mainly in the UV and IR. In work [10], the possibility of creating optically active plasmonic systems in the visible range was investigated using the DNA-origami method (Fig. 1f). For this purpose, several 10‑nanometer gold nanoparticles were placed close together (2 nm apart) along right-handed or left-handed DNA-origami spirals with a spiral pitch of 57 nm. Circular dichroism was then measured in a bulk sample containing such spiral complexes. It was shown that light with right circular polarization is significantly more absorbed by right-handed plasmonic nanostructures, and vice versa, due to the plasmonic nanoparticles arranged along the spiral being interconnected by the interaction of their near fields. This results in their optical response acquiring specificity, the parameters of which can be regulated by changing the geometry of the particles, allowing such environments to be used as levo- or dextro-rotatory.
Furthermore, rational engineering of DNA-origami opens up the possibility of controlled changes in the geometric configuration of the assembly over time in response to external stimuli (dynamic DNA-origami [15]). In the context of plasmonics, this dynamic effect can be used to change the optical properties of plasmonic nanoparticles attached to DNA-origami. In practice, circular dichroism measurement, sensitive to small deviations from symmetry in the arrangement of even small nanoparticles, is commonly used [16]. For example, in work [11] (Fig. 1g), a configuration of two crossed nanowires (length 35 nm, diameter 10 nm) is implemented, one of which can take fixed steps (every 7 nm) along the axis of the other in response to the addition of specific control oligonucleotides to the solution. In work [12], the geometry of nanoobjects changed in response to light exposure (Fig. 7h), leading to reversible cis-trans isomerization of photoactive azobenzene molecules linking two parts of DNA origami, thereby changing the angle between the gold nanowires attached to the origami.
Conclusion
DNA origami structures have revolutionized photonics with their versatile applications. By leveraging the unique properties of DNA for precise control, this cutting-edge method enables the creation of nanostructures with predetermined shapes and sizes [17-28]. Meeting the growing demand for innovative solutions in plasmonics and photonics, this technology paves the way for developing nanoscale devices capable of manipulating light fields on a minuscule level. From advanced receivers and light signal enhancers to nanoantennae and optically active media, the possibilities are vast [20-28]. Despite its intricate design process, this technology holds the promise of being easy-scalable as it relies on adaptable “wet” chemical synthesis methods [2].
Acknowledgments
The research was carried out within the state assignment of The Ministry of Education of The Russian Federation “Physics of nanostructured materials and highly sensitive sensorics: synthesis, fundamental research and applications in photonics, life sciences, quantum and nanotechnology” (theme No. – 124031100005–5).
AUTHORS
Stepanov Maksim Evgenievich – Senior lecturer, Moscow Pedagogical State University (MPGU), Shpol’skii theor. physics chair, researcher at the assistant at the Youth Laboratory of Biophotonics and Nanoengineering MPGU, Moscow, Russia.
RSCI ID: 334465, Scopus ID: 57195265809, ResearcherID: AAB‑6181-2022,
ORCID: 0000-0002-0332-1235.
Khokhryakova Uliana Aleksandrovna – Bachelor in fundamental physics of Moscow Pedagogical State University, research assistant at the Youth Laboratory of Biophotonics and Nanoengineering MPGU, Moscow, Russia, e-mail: ua_khokhryakova@mpgu.su.
Egorova Tatiana Vladimirovna – Cand. of Sc. (Biology), head of the Youth Laboratory of Biophotonics and Nanoengineering MPGU, Moscow, Russia.
Scopus ID: 56868341400, ResearcherID: P‑9982-2017,
ORCID: 0000-0002-7554-5246.
Magaryan Konstantin Arutyunovich – Cand. of Sc. (Phys. & Math.), associate professor Shpol’skii theor. physics chair, MPGU, senior researcher at the Laboratory of Physics of Advanced Materials and Nanostructures MPGU, Moscow, Russia.
RSCI ID: 723988, ResearcherID: A‑4208-2014, ORCID: 0000-0003-4754-4657.
Naumov Andrey Vitalievich – corresponding member of the RAS, Dr. of Sc. (Phys.&Math.), head of the Troitsk branch of the Lebedev Physical Institute, head of the Shpol’skii theor. physics chair, MPGU, Moscow, Russia.
RSCI ID: 35867, Scopus ID: 7201349036, ResearcherID: E‑8905-2010,
ORCID: 0000-0001-7938-9802.
CONFLICT OF INTERESTS
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interests. All authors took part in preparation of the article and supplemented the manuscript in terms of their scope of work.
CONTRIBUTION
OF THE COMPOSITE AUTHORS
The article has been prepared based on the work of all composite authors.
АВТОРЫ
Степанов Максим Евгеньевич – м. н. с., Московский педагогический государственный университет (МПГУ), кафедра теоретической физики им. Э. В. Шпольского, м. н. с. лаборатория физики перспективных материалов и наноструктур, Москва, Россия.
РИНЦ ID: 334465, Scopus ID: 57195265809, ResearcherID: AAB‑6181-2022,
ORCID: 0000-0002-0332-1235.
Хохрякова Ульяна Александровна – бакалавр по направлению «Фундаментальная физика» МПГУ, лаборант-исследователь молодежной лаборатории биофотоники и наноинженерии,
e-mail: ua_khokhryakova@mpgu.su
Егорова Татьяна Владимировна – к. б. н., заведующая молодежной лабораторией биофотоники и наноинженерии МПГУ, Москва, Россия.
Scopus ID: 56868341400, ResearcherID: P‑9982-2017,
ORCID: 0000-0002-7554-5246.
Магарян Константин Арутюнович – к. ф.‑ м. н., МПГУ, кафедра теоретической физики им. Э. В. Шпольского, с. н. с. лаборатории физики перспективных материалов и наноструктур.
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Наумов Андрей Витальевич – член-корр. РАН, д.ф-м.н., Руководитель Троицкого филиала ФИАН им. П. Н. Лебедева, заведующий кафедрой Московского педагогического государственного университета (МПГУ), член-корр. РАН, доцент, Москва, Россия.
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